References and Footnotes
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References
Alibek, Ken. 2000. Biohazard. Arrow.
Boylston A. 2012. The origins of inoculation. J R Soc Med. 2012 Jul;105(7):309-13. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.2012.12k044. PMID: 22843649; PMCID: PMC3407399.
Brumfiel, Geoff. 2021. A 300-Year-Old Tale Of One Woman's Quest To Stop A Deadly Virus, March 8, 2021, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/03/08/972978143/a-300-year-old-tale-of-one-womans-quest-to-stop-a-deadly-virus).
Carus W. Seth. 2017. A Short History of Biological Warfare : From Pre-History to the 21st Century. Washington D.C: National Defense University Press. http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo84132.
Duranović, Elvir. 2020. "Islamska zajednica u SFR Jugoslaviji i epidemija velikih boginja 1972 godine." Novi Muallim 84:60-67. https://www.ceeol.com/search/viewpdf?id=971865
Evered, Emine Ö. and Kyle T. Evered. 2020. Mandating immunity in the Ottoman Empire: A history of public health education and compulsory vaccination, Heliyon, Volume 6, Issue 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05488.
Flemming, Alexandra 2020. The Origins of Vaccination (28-9-2020). https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00006-7
Jakiša, Miranda. 2022. “The Virus of Dissolution: Yugoslavia in Goran Marković's Variola vera (1982)”. Apparatus. Film, Media and Digital Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe 15. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17892/app.2022.00015.323
Janković, Zoran. 2022. Mladen Kovačević’s Serbian/French Doc Another Spring Gets Sales Agent. 08-06-2022. https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/serbia-news/item/123439-mladen-kovacevic-s-serbian-french-doc-another-spring-gets-sales-agent
Kassenova, Togzhan. 2020. Aralsk: A Kazakh town that lived through a smallpox epidemic. Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University. https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/insights/aralsk-kazakh-town-lived-through-smallpox-epidemic
Međunarodni simpozijum o endemskoj nefropatiji, ed. by Spira Strahinjić and Radosav Šljivić. Niš 1971.
Naczyk, Marek. 2021. The sputnik V moment : biotech, biodefense and COVID-19 vaccines in Russia’s national security state, EUI RSC, 2021/75, European Governance and Politics Programme - https://hdl.handle.net/1814/72952
Retrieved from Cadmus, EUI Research Repository
Petkovic, Vladan. 2022. Proxima. Review: Another Spring. 05-7-2022.
https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/427494/#:~:text=by%20Vladan%20Petkovic,Baghdad%2C%20including%20its%20famous%20bazaarPetrović, Radmilo. 2017. “Zvanična verzija o varioli nije tačna”.
https://www.novosti.rs/dodatni_sadrzaj/clanci.119.html:650973-Zvanicna-verzija-o-varioli-nije-tacna February 20, 2017.Petrović, Radmilo. 2021. DOKTOR RADMILO PETROVIĆ OTKRIO VELIKU TAJNU IZ DOBA JUGOSLAVIJE "Siguran sam da taj čovek nije bio nulti pacijent, evo i zašto". 21. 01. 2021. https://informer.rs/vesti/drustvo/580353/radmilo-petrovic-variola-vera
Ristanović, Elizabeta, Ana Gligić, Sonja Atanasievska, Vesna Protić-Djokić, Dragutin Jovanović and Miodrag Radunović. 2016. Smallpox as an actual biothreat: lessons learned from its outbreak in ex-Yugoslavia in 1972. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità 2016 | Vol. 52, No. 4: 587-597 DOI: 10.4415/ANN_16_04_21 https://www.iss.it/documents/20126/45616/ANN_16_04_21.pdf/a4088fbc-e671-aebd-4fc4-1ede6393427e?t=1581096663620
Sadanand, Saheli. 2020. Putting smallpox out to pasture, nature portfolio, September 28, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00007-6.
Sanchez, Julian. 2004. Discussing Disgust. On the folly of gross-out public policy. An interview with Martha Nussbaum. https://reason.com/2004/07/15/discussing-disgust-2/
Sontag, Susan. 2001. Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors. New York: Picador.
Todorova, Maria. 1997. Imagining the Balkans. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zelicoff AP. An epidemiological analysis of the 1971 smallpox outbreak in Aralsk, Kazakhstan. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2003;29:97–108. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713610418?journalCode=imby20
Znamenski, A. (2017). Joseph Grigulevich: A Tale of Identity, Soviet Espionage, and Storytelling, The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review, 44(3), 314-341. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/18763324-20171267
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/yersinia-pestis
Footnotes
[1] E-mail of 17 October 2022. Prof Eric Gordy is a political and cultural sociologist at SSEES, UCL, and expert of the states of former Yugoslavia.
[2] “epidemija variole (‘arapske’ boginje)” Međunarodni simpozijum o endemskoj nefropatiji, ed. by Spira Strahinjić and Radosav Šljivić. Niš 1971.
[3] “Srbija. U našem klasičnom udžbeniku iz infektologije postoji naslov: ‘Velike boginje – Variola vera’, a kao sinonimi navedeni su termini arapske boginje i crne kozice. Napomenuto je i da izraz boginje potiče od nemačke reči Poken, a variola od latinske reči varus = čvor, kvrga (prevod bi mogao da glasi i ospa, bubuljica, ranica, čir).” (Radovanović 2017: 22) The correct spelling of the German word should be Pocken.
[4] The authors are employees of the Institute of Microbiology of the Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Montenegro in Podgorica, and the Institute for Virology, Vaccines and Sera Torlak, Belgrade, i.e. the same institute Petrović worked for.
[5] “Epidemija velikih boginja, najveća u Evropi nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, izbila je u martu 1972. godine u SFR Jugoslaviji. Državni organi, a od njih mediji kao izvor zaraze identifikovali su Ibrahima Hotija s Kosova, koji je neposredno prije pojavljivanja zaraze boravio na hadžu na koji je putovao autobusom mimo organizacije Islamske zajednice. Budući da su pojedini mediji izrazito neprijateljski pisali o hadžiji kao izvoru zaraze napadajući pri tom islam i islamske vrijednosti, Vrhovno islamsko starješinstvo provelo je internu istragu kroz koju su saznali da su sve hadžije bile vakcinisane protiv velikih boginja i da se niko od hadžija nakon povratka s hadža nije razbolio. Oslanjajući se na izvještaje svojih organa Islamska zajednica u SFRJ nikada nije priznala da je neko od hadžija bio izvor zaraze.” (Duranović 2020, 66)
[6] “Mr Volkogonov, a military historian who advises President Boris Yeltsin, said he doubted 'Max' had volunteered for this mission as, if one of the first two plans was adopted, he would be unlikely to escape. 'Max' was supposed to leave a letter saying he killed Tito from motives of personal hatred, to hide Moscow's involvement. Stalin apparently expressed reservations about the plot. He wondered whether 'Max' was up to the job since his only terrorist experience had been in a failed attempt to shoot Trotsky. And he doubted the feasibility of injecting Tito with germs. (He should not have been so sceptical. A poison-tipped umbrella worked perfectly on the Bulgarian Georgy Markov.) Nevertheless, Stalin gave the go-ahead and preparations for the killing began. But in March 1953 Stalin died. Beria, fearing he would be blamed for the plot to kill Tito, cancelled it.” Helen Womack, Stalin 'planned to kill Tito by infecting him with the plague', 11 June 1993, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/stalin-planned-to-kill-tito-by-infecting-him-with-the-plague-1491079.html.
[7] “After Trotsky was murdered, Grigulevich was decorated with an elite Soviet order of the Red Star and sent away back to Argentina.” (Znamenski 2017: 328)
[8] Экскурсия по выставке "Внешняя разведка. Из прошлого в будущее”, 21-2-2021: “Most of the unique artifacts presented at the exhibition are being shown to the general public for the first time. Among them are personal belongings of Felix Dzerzhinsky and the heads of foreign intelligence: S.A. Messing, A.Kh. Artuzov, P.M. Fitin, A.M.Sakharovsky, L.V. Shebarshin, E.M. Primakov , as well as legendary scouts: A.N.Botyan, I.R.Grigulevich, A.S. Feklisov, the spouses Coen and Vartanyan, K. Philby, J. Blake, V.G. Fisher, Yu.I. Drozdov and many others.” His biography is sketched briefly, however, without mentioning Tito: https://youtu.be/Qm_PjLSdE24
[9] Dated January 1, 1953. Dmitrii Volkogonov, Izvestiia, 11 June 11, 1993. Translated by Natasha Shur. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/soviet-plan-assassinate-tito
[10] Milorad Lazić, “The Soviet Intervention that Never Happened. Records of a Tito-Brezhnev call suggest the Kremlin mulled intervention in Yugoslavia in 1971,” December 4, 2017. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-soviet-intervention-never-happened
[11] This is how it was called by Peter B. Merkle in his Commentary on the 1971 Smallpox Epidemic in Aral’sk, Kazakhstan, and the Soviet Biological Warfare Program. https://nonproliferation.org/the-1971-smallpox-epidemic-in-aralsk-kazakhstan-and-the-soviet-biological-warfare-program-commentaries/
[12] Zelicoff AP. An epidemiological analysis of the 1971 smallpox outbreak in Aralsk, Kazakhstan. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2003;29:97–108. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713610418?journalCode=imby20. Zelicoff was a member of the US Delegation to the Biological Weapons Convention in Geneva, Switzerland. He has testified before Congress on public health issues.
[13]“The zoonosis plague can be transmitted via infected fleas. The plague can also result by inhaling aerosols or from contact with infected animal tissue.”
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/yersinia-pestis
[14] “The smallpox weapons we developed sharply reduced this comfort period. When we exposed monkeys to an aerosol of the highly virulent India-1, they contracted smallpox within one to five days.” (Alibek 2008: 114)
[15] "Smallpox – not a bad weapon". Interview with General Burgasov (in Russian). Moscow News, 14 October 2007.
[16] The title of a Serbian article on the height of the COVID-19 even contained Hoti’s full name, whereas the author reduced his to initials: P.L., “Variola vera u Jugoslaviji: Zato što je Ibrahim Hoti nasjeo na laž o vakcini, zato je umrlo 40 ljudi.” https://www.telegraf.rs/zanimljivosti/zabavnik/3177893-variola-vera-u-jugoslaviji-zato-sto-je-ibrahim-hoti-naseo-na-laz-o-vakcini-zato-je-umrlo-40-ljudi. on November 17, 2020,
https://www.atvbl.rs/vijesti/region/variola-vera-u-jugoslaviji-zato-sto-je-ibrahim-hoti-nasjeo-na-laz-o-vakcini-zato-je. A different source (Jonathan B Tucker, Scourge: the once and future threat of smallpox, N.Y. 2001) claims that he falsified the vaccination certificate: https://archive.org/details/scourgeoncefutur00tuck
[17] During the first lock-down many publishers and aggregators felt the need to make scientific articles related to vaccination openly accessible. Some also were open, from the very beginning. On the Ottoman Empire cf. Emine Ö. Evered and Kyle T. Evered. 2020, in Open Access.[18] “On 14 May 1796, Jenner inoculated 8-year-old James Phipps with cowpox lesion material from milkmaid Sarah Nelms. [...] Jenner’s approach was eventually described as ‘vaccination’, a nod to its bovine heritage (vacca is the Latin word for cow). After his initial report of these findings was rejected by the Royal Society, Jenner self-published a longer monograph in 1798, documenting Phipps and an additional 22 cases that proved that cowpox, either through vaccination or natural infection, could protect against disease following smallpox variolation.” Saheli Sadanand, Putting smallpox out to pasture, nature portfolio, September 28, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00007-6.
[19] The 1972 mandatory mass vaccination also lead to negative side effects for those who should have been exempt, as remarked by Dr. Ana Gligić. (“The vaccine against smallpox causes a large number of adverse effects, especially in infants and people with immunodeficiency and in persons with chronic diseases.” Ristanović, Gligić, Atanasievska, Protić-Djokić, Jovanović and Radunović 2016, p. 588)
[20] “although the exact way how virus entered the maternity hospitals was not determined. The characteristic of the outbreak was the great number of the affected infants, 14, or 8% of the total number of patients, which was the largest number of the diseased children of this age in all postwar smallpox outbreaks in Europe.” (Ristanović, Gligić, Atanasievska, Protić-Djokić, Jovanović and Radunović 2016, p. 592)
[21] “On the other hand, there were also political influences not to publish immediately the outburst of the epidemic, and when it was finally published – to end it as soon as possible, in order not to jeopardize the tourism. All this shows that, from the aspect of management, serious defaults were made that promoted the development of the epidemic.” (Šuvaković U, Baljošević S, Obradović Z. Smallpox and globalization or the first achieved planetary goal. Vojnosanitetski Pregled 2014;71(3):301-6. DOI 10.2298/VSP1403301S, p. 304)
[22] Including the one recently made for Serbian TV, and having a similar title, Zadah proleća '72 / Breath of Spring '72, by Nataša Mijušković. It was aired in March 2022. https://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/sr/story/411/film-i-tv/4739679/zadah-proleca-72--pola-veka-od-epidemije-velikih-boginja-u-sfrj.html